RARE VINTAGE OLD POSTCARD Lithograph 100 years JUBILEE Hristo Botev MANY STAMPS for Sale

RARE VINTAGE OLD POSTCARD Lithograph 100 years JUBILEE Hristo Botev MANY STAMPS For Sale

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RARE VINTAGE OLD POSTCARD Lithograph 100 years JUBILEE Hristo Botev MANY STAMPS :
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Very Rarelow priceoriginalRARE VINTAGE OLD POSTCARD Lithograph 100 years JUBILEE Hristo Botev MANY STAMPS 1/4/9/15/20/40/50 SIZE:14-9CM.Hristo Petkov Botyov [1], according to his own spelling known as Hristo Botev, (born January 6, 1848 in Kalofer, died on June 1, 1876) is a Bulgarian national hero, revolutionary, poet and Botev with his brothers Stefan and Kiril Bojan (left to right), 1876Hristo Botev was born on January 6, 1848 (December 25, 1847 Old Style) per visit to the family of the teacher, scholar and public figure, Botyo Petkov (1815-1869) and Ivanka Boteva (1823-1911). [2] there are other hypotheses about his birthplace, which is now rejected by the researchers - that he is "from Karlovo", as he writes in an official letter of Nayden Gerov, or that he was born in the village of Osen, as mentioned himself Botev in his article " examples of the Turkish justice. "[2]Botev's son Botyo Petkov (1815 - 1869) and Ivanka Boteva (1823-1911). [3] His father was a teacher and renowned educationalist, a native of Karlovo, studied in Odessa, compiler and translator of books, and his mother was by modestly Kalofersko family. [3] In addition Hristo Botev, they have eight children: Anna (1850-1867), Petko (1852-1872), Stefan (1854-1890), Cyril (1856-1944), Tota (1859 - 1864) Genko (1861-1863) Genko (1863-1866) and Bojan (1866-1885). [4]
National Museum "Hristo Botev" in KaloferHristo Botev was born probably in the room Kalofer school where his parents live. A little later in Kalofer built a new school and the family rented a house on Genko Filov in which Botev spent the first few years of his life. This house was destroyed during the Russo-Turkish War, but in the 40s of the XX century has been restored and converted into a National Museum "Hristo Botev". [5]In 1854 Botyo Petkov conflict with Kalofer municipality for payment and moved in Karlovo. There, the family lived in his mother's house in Tabak neighborhood and Hristo Botev goes to school, his teacher was his father. In 1858 Botyo Petkov blamed the management of Karlovo Municipality of trying to appropriate money bequeathed to the school, then returned to Kalofer. The municipality tried unsuccessfully to settle in a house of living in Istanbul merchant Hristo Tupchileshtov, then the family is accommodated in a house of Hadji Nestor. After their return to Kalofer Hristo Botev joined the local three-class school where a teacher was his father. [6]
In Odessa and return in KaloferThe dates are Julian calendar (old style), unless stated otherwise.More than 1857 Botyo Petkov tried to send his son to study in Russia with the help of Nayden Gerov, he knew from Odessa who became famous educationalist and Russian vice consul in Plovdiv. This is done only in the autumn of 1863 when Hristo Botev received a scholarship from the Russian government and went in Plovdiv and Istanbul to Odessa, where he arrived on 14 November. [7]In Odessa Hristo Botev associated with Odessa Bulgarian trustees, to which there is a letter of recommendation from Nayden Gerov and its member Nicolas Toshkov, a wealthy merchant, born in Kalofer and acquaintance of his father. He entered the Second Gymnasium as "volnoslushatel" as not sufficiently prepared for a regular student, and stayed in her house, where at that time lived a dozen Bulgarian students. [8]Ever since joining the school Botev hardly fits the educational activity - he constantly complained about the strict discipline imposed which includes corporal punishment, but also often absent from classes, participate in fights with classmates and refers proudly to most their teachers. In 1864 he left the school board and begins to live independently in different rooms. Despite insistent letters to his father and attempts Nicolas Toshkov to affect him, he neglect school and eccentric behavior repels Bulgarian community in Odessa, as many of its representatives restrict contacts with him. [9]Although not often visited the school Botev spent a long time in various libraries, mostly in Bulgarian Library "Yuri Venelin" which is housed in the home of Toshkov. Read mainly Russian authors, is particularly impressed by Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Ivan Turgenev. She met with philologist Victor Grigorovich, who helped with Russian translations of Bulgarian folk songs. According to his classmate Kiro Tuleshkov, in the summer of 1864 Botev worked on his poem "To My Mother" in consultation with Grigorovich, and even then it sends Petko Slaveykov in Istanbul. The reliability of this information is unclear, since the poem was published by Slaveykov only a few years later. [10]In September 1865 it became clear that Botev can not pass in the third grade of high school and was excluded due to "negligence" and his scholarship was terminated by receiving a lump sum with which to return to Bulgaria. However, he remained in Odessa, surviving as giving private lessons, and maintaining close contacts with the Polish community in the city. [11] With the assistance of Grigorovich, now head of the Department of Slavic Studies, Botev even as the 'volnoslushatel "in History and Philology Faculty of the Imperial Novorossiysk University. [12]In 1866 Hristo Botev was appointed teacher in Zadunaevo, Bulgarian village in the Russian part of Southern Bessarabia, which arrives in September. He spent several months there, but early next year he received notice that his father was seriously ill, and decided to return home. He traveled by ship, probably from Odessa to Burgas and then through Sliven reach Kalofer in early April 1867. [13]After arriving in Kalofer Botev replace his ailing father by taking on some of his classes at school. At that time, on April 15 in the "Bagpipe" issued by Petko Slaveykov in Constantinople, was first published poem by Hristo Botev - "My Mother." It is printed without the authors seemed familiar to him do not understand that the poem is his. In celebration of the Day of St. Cyril and Methodius on May 11 Botev hold an impromptu speech in which he criticized the moderation of the national movement aimed at that time mainly to the creation of an independent church. The speech caused fears of retaliatory actions of the police, but to those not reached. [14]During his stay in Kalofer Botev often meets Parashkeva Shushulov, a teacher at the local girls' school, which is considered the most likely prototype of favorite poems "To my first love," "On Parting" and "Nei." Another hypothesis is that this is his second cousin Mina Goranova with which he might contact and later in Romania. [15]In the summer of 1867 health Botyo Petkov improves and it becomes clear that his son did not handle teaching job, and he managed to procure from Victor Grigorovich restoration of fellowship in Christ, so that he can finish education. The father gave him some money and send it back to Istanbul and Odessa, but without notifying his family Hristo Botev deviate from the road in September arrives in Romania. Some of the early biographers of Botev argue that going through Sliven, he met Michael Tchaikovsky, but it has no direct evidence. [16]
Emigrant in RomaniaAt the end of September 1867 Hristo Botev arrived in the Romanian town of Giurgiu, where he soon connected with Bulgarian Outcasts - among them Hadji Dimitar and quite involved in organized that year read Khitov and Totyu. When it known that died prominent figure of the revolutionary movement Georgi Rakovski, the entire group went to Bucharest, where he participated in his funeral on 12 October. Left without means Botev turns to George Atanasovich from Bucharest Bulgarian organization Elders that it provides financial assistance to continue their trip to Odessa. [17]Botev went to Odessa, but did not get there, pausing in December in Braila. Later he complained that the Bulgarians in Braila his promise scholarship with which to go to study in Prague, but this did not take place. In Braila he began working as a typesetter at Kaloferetsa Dimitar Panichkov, owner of the printing house, which prints newspaper "Danube Dawn" dwell on that time the city Good Voynikov. In January 1868 this newspaper published a poem comes second Botev - "his brother." At that time he reported in a newspaper of its intention to issue a book of his poems and prose, but it is done and it is not clear what this would involve collection. [18]At the beginning of 1868 in Braila are many Outcasts cooking to pass the summer in Bulgaria in several bands - it really is performed by the detachment of Hadji Dimitar and Stefan Karadja. Himself Hristo Botev is recorded in the band of Zhelyu Voyvoda, which was appointed clerk by then wrote the poem "On forgiveness." In the spring Botev played in organized by Voynikov theater, but after taking part in a brawl with a group of Turks in the city park, in the coming months on the run from police in the printing of Panichkov. In June he looks traveling with Zhelyu leader to Odessa in search of money to arm band, but after their return Zhelyu leader was arrested by Romanian authorities and the band never goes in Bulgaria. [19]In September 1868 Botev went to Bucharest with amateur theater group of Good Voynikov and decided to stay there to avoid the search by the police in Braila. The intention is to find a job as a teacher, but this proved impossible due to his poor knowledge of the Romanian language. Record in Bucharest's medical school, perhaps to live in the boarding house, but in October it left. Left penniless, he fell into a desperate situation and decided to return to Bulgaria to become a teacher there, but no money for the trip. [20]By Nayden Gerov Botev associated with merchant Bucharest Bulgarian Hristo Georgiev, who has limited its assistance, but also believes that it is unfit for other work besides teaching. According to Kiro Tuleshkov in November and early December, he lived in an abandoned windmill, with Vasil Levski. In January he received permission from the Romanian Ministry of Education to set up a Bulgarian school in Bucharest, but was unable to find funds for this project. [21]In February 1869 with the assistance of Hristo Botev Georgiev was appointed teacher of Bulgarian language in Alexandria, but a bit later was fired after conflicts with wealthy Bulgarians from the city, which blames lack of patriotism. He remained in Alexandria until August, when was appointed as a teacher in the city of Izmail in the Romanian part of Southern Bessarabia. At this time in Kalofer his father died, leaving many children family with limited resources. [22]In Izmail Botev teacher of Bulgarian language Romanian public school. Pay him look good, because he refused to become a teacher in Karlovo, closer to his widowed mother. While living in Izmail Botev cooperate with the few Bulgarian newspapers in Bucharest - satirical "Drum" and published by the Karavelov "Freedom", where in the summer of 1870 publish edited versions of "My Mother" and "his brother" and the new poem "Elegy" and dedicated Karavelov "Partition". In Izmail Botev maintain contact with illegal organizations of Russian political emigrants. It suffers from periodic bouts of malaria. [23]In the spring of 1871 the municipality of Izmail decided to terminate the teaching of Bulgarian language in school and stop the salary of Hristo Botev. According to Kiro Tuleshkov this happens on the eve of the Day of St. Cyril and Methodius, as Botev steals money gathered to celebrate the holiday, while according to Velichko Popov Botev Galati more in March. [24]
Journalist and publisherAfter a brief stay in Galati at the end of May 1871 Hristo Botev moved to Braila. Here, with the assistance of Dimitar Panichkov, he began publishing the newspaper "Duma of Bulgarian emigrants" who must replace closed shortly before Bulgarian emigre newspaper "Svoboda" and "Danube Dawn". The newspaper comes out in just five issues, the bulk of the content is written by the very Botev. They leave some of his main journalistic work: "Instead Programme", "Examples of Turkish justice," "The People - yesterday, today and tomorrow", "Funny crying," "Petrosani", "Determined Is church question?". In "Duma" were first published some of his poems - "To my first love" dedicated to Maria Kasparian "eloped" and dedicated to her brother B. Goranov "Fight". [25]In the summer of 1871 Botev suffering severe and prolonged typhus, and in late July both Panichkov are forced to stop issuing "Word" for lack of funds. In September he issued a brochure with sharp attacks on the Bulgarian Literary Society (today Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) and personally against his clerk Vasil Stoyanov. They repeated a month later at the annual meeting of the Company, where Botev Good Voynikov present as delegates of the Bulgarian Municipality of Galati. [26]Information about the life of Hristo Botev at the end of 1871 and the first half of 1872 are scarce. At that time, he maintains active contacts with Russian socialists by Nikolai Rubinstein Meletios and Sonia, sister of the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. At the end of 1871 Botev and Meletios trying to extort money from wealthy brailski Bulgarian, but were discovered by the police and went to Galati. In both Galati, along with other accomplices made several robberies of different vendors and even try to falsify money. [27]At that time, in February 1872, Botev published in "Freedom" poem "Stranger". In the spring, a denunciation of the Russian consul in Galati, Meletios was arrested in April and Hristo Botev. In his dwelling was discovered Russian anarchist literature, he is accused of spreading radical political ideas and was sent to prison in Focsani. He remained there for several months, then was released in July or August 1872 arrives in Bucharest. According to Kiro Tuleshkov release from prison after going on a written guarantee from Karavelov and Dimitar Tsenovich sent at the request of Vasil Levski. [28]In Bucharest Botev stayed in the room in the attic of the printer Karavelov, where he lives with Kiro Tuleshkov. He started work as a corrector of Karavelov published by the newspaper "Svoboda", renamed shortly afterwards of "Independence" and in the spring of 1873 led to the issuance conceived by Karavelov satirical newspaper "Alarm". There go some of his feuilletons known as "O, tempora! O, mores! "And" It's waiting for you! "And the poems" Why did not I ...? "," St. George "and" Patriot ". During this period he translated Russian textbook on arithmetic, but inserted in his political comments and the book is destroyed after it was printed in Plovdiv. [29]In the second half of 1873 Hristo Botev published in "Independence" some of his most famous poems: "Hadji Dimitar" (August 11, on the fifth anniversary of the death of Hadji Dimitar), "In the tavern," "My Prayer" and "asked a dark cloud." After November 1873 Botev not published a new poetry for nearly two years. At this time in order Karavelov Botev translated book "Eastern Question and Bulgaria" officer of the Russian secret services Ivan Liprandi. At year's end he seems taken with him his younger brother Stefan. [30]In the spring of 1874 Botev gets a job as a teacher in Bulgarian school in Bucharest. It is housed in part of the house of the local Bulgarian bishop Panaret Rashev Botev and went to live there, leaving printing Karavelov. There he met his future wife Veneta Vezireva, niece of the bishop. Despite numerous testimonies of personal conflicts with Karavelov, and after his appointment as teacher Botev continues to actively cooperate with the newspaper "Independence", which began to go his articles and feuilletons. [31]
Last years
Participation in BRCK
Hristo Botev Nikola and Ivan Slavkov Drasov in Romania in 1875In the summer of 1874 Hristo Botev is actively involved in the work of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC) and took part in its general meeting on August 20 to 21, conducted in the printing Karavelov. At the meeting he was elected one of the five members of the committee, along with Karavelov Kiriak Tsankov, G. Panov and Todor Peev, and then going and his secretary. [32]In the fall of 1874 Botev completes translation of the book "For the Slavic origin of the Danube Bulgarians" Russian historian Dmitry Ilovais'k. Earlier in the same year Ilovais'k meets Karavelov and Botev and calls on them to stop criticism against Russia because the Russian government is planning a war against the Ottoman Empire to liberate Bulgaria. In October Karavelov denied by the newspaper "Independence" but leaves Botev issue of a new journal of BRCK - so in December is published newspaper "Flag". [33]
Taking up the issue of "Banner" Botev left his job as a teacher, and his place was taken by his brother Stephen. At that time with them longer lives and their brother Cyril. At the beginning of 1875 arrives in Bucharest and their mother Ivanka with his youngest son Boyan after her son Petko, paralyzed a large part of his life, died. Ivanka Boteva began work at home Evlogi Georgiev, who is her relative. [34]In March 1875 Karavelov and Botev enter into public conflict as Karavelov seized for debts the latest issue of "Banner". The two make mutual attacks in the press and in his correspondence, causing unrest among Bulgarian emigration and questioning the effectiveness of BRCK. In June Botev able to buy their printing press used earlier for the newspaper "Fatherland", and continued to issue "Banner". [35]Purchase of printing Botev receives financial support from Veneta Vezireva, which in July the same year women as their best man becomes a doctor George Stransky. This is against the will of her uncle, Bishop Panaret Rashev, and their marriage is civil, because Veneta Vezireva previously married to a wealthy merchant from Turnovo. From her first marriage she has a son, Demetrius, ten at the time, who went to live with his mother and Hristo Botev. [36]In the summer of 1875 Karavelov, which occupies more moderate positions removed from BRCK with the active assistance of Botev, Stefan Stambolov and came from Belgrade Ivan Drasov and Khitov. On August 12, was held a general meeting which elected the new composition of the Committee as Chairman becomes Tsenovich Dimitar and Botev vice president. It was decided to organize an uprising in the shortest possible time, to use the crisis in the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Herzegovina uprising. Botev was sent by the committee in Russia to collect money and weapons and to organize the recruitment of volunteers for uprising among local Bulgarians. [37]Botev visited Braila, where he moved 20 August Chisinau, Odessa and Nikolaev. Come into contact with Kishinevskoto Bulgarian society and organized in Chisinau group that should be included in future uprising by her officers are drawn is of Bulgarian origin. Similar groups have been created also in Odessa and Nikolaev, but it seems more prominent Bulgarians are skeptical about the mission of Botev, as the Russian government against an uprising in Bulgaria. [38]Botev persuaded located in Odessa Totyu to go to Romania, where you must lead a band of local volunteers. Hristo Botev left Odessa on September 3 and arrive in Romania on 30 September. There are suggestions that meanwhile visited Istanbul, but it will sure witness. [39]After the return of Hristo Botev in the Bulgarian community in Bucharest appear for Assigned rumors of it public funds. On September 30 he left BRCK and is not involved in its activities immediately after the failed uprising of Stara Zagora. Meanwhile in Bucharest come his mother and his youngest brother, and the newspaper "Flag" has been terminated. For this reason, he opened his home bookstore and his brothers began circling Romania and Bessarabia to sell translated his books, and only published in his lifetime collection of poems (including four poems by Stambolov) "Songs and Poems from Botyov and Stambolova "(only unreleased poem Botev included in it is," Ney "). In October he printed and "Wall Calendar 1876" with the poem "The hanging of Vasil Levski". [40]
BotevMain article: BotevOssuary of Hristo Botev's detachment in SkravenaAnd after leaving BRCK Hristo Botev continues to maintain private contacts with some revolutionaries, as Stefan Stambolov and Stoyan Zaimov. Meanwhile BRCK fails to fulfill his plans to transfer bands in Bulgaria and in the autumn of 1875 activity fading. At the end of the year in Giurgiu has created a new group, Giurgiu revolutionary committee, including Stambolov and Zaimov, which occupies the preparation of the April Uprising future by intentionally isolated from activities most figures BRCK, including Botev. [41]In early 1876 Botev receives a visa to travel to Belgrade and Trieste and some testified in February actually visited Belgrade, but it is unclear whether it meets located there Khitov. In early March, receives Russian visa, but it is not certain that actually traveled to Russia. [42] [43]Plans Giurgiu Committee Uprising provide active work inside the Bulgaria, which is divided into four revolutionary districts and organizing in Romania a few bands that cross the border and assist the rebels. Since the beginning of 1876 activists of the committee actively prepare these bands gathering of people, money and weapons. In April it became clear that Khitov will head the detachment provided for Vratsa District. Vratsa apostles Nicolas Obretenov and Georgi Apostolov meet Botev and he offers them alone to head the detachment. This meeting came a day after April 13 was born the daughter of Hristo Botev and Veneta - Ivanka. [44]On April 20 Botev moved to Chisinau and Odessa, seeking volunteers for the band (among them is the future podvoyvoda of Botev, just finished military school Nikola Vojnovski) and managed to get some cash and donations. He returned to Bucharest on May 1 - meanwhile Koprivshtitsa uprising began and the apostles in Vratsa want the band to leave earlier than the planned date May 11th. It was decided that to happen on 5 th. To Botev's detachment was joined by another significant and well-financed and armed groups preparing to move into Bulgaria from Bulgarian philanthropic trustees, led by Kiriak Tsankov. In the remaining days until departure Botev issue and the only issue of his last newspaper "New Bulgaria". [45]The decision to switch the detachment in Bulgaria on 5 May not take place due to various logistical difficulties, especially in the supply of weapons. Plan itself provides passage kidnapping steamer, causing considerable international response. Participants in the band are scattered in various Danubian cities to not attract attention. However, their actions are known both Ottoman and Romanian authorities did not intervene. Botev himself arrived in Bucharest in Giurgiu on 13 May and on 16 May gets together with some of the detachment of the Austro-Hungarian ship "Radetzky". [46]"Radetzky" traveling upstream on the Danube, stopping several Romanian ports where the ship picked participants detachment - Zimnicea, Turnu Magurele, ships, Beckett. According to some reports, on the morning of May 17 Botev gets in Oryahovo letter from the chief apostle of Vratsa district Stoyan Zaimov, whereby the transfer of the detachment in Bulgaria after the defeat of the uprising in Panagyurishte is meaningless and should continue to Serbia, but Botev refused to comply with these guidelines. At noon on the same day he forced the captain Dagobert Englender stop on the right bank of the river near the village of Kozloduy, where rebels descended from the ship. [47]Of Plant detachment of Botev Vratsa heads to the center of the revolutionary County, passing through the villages of Bhutan and Borovan, but none of the Bulgarians there not to join the rebels, despite expectations. Detachment enter into sporadic firefights with local Circassians, but without significant consequences. Only in the early morning of May 18 near the village of Banica, about 20 km from Vratsa, detachment enter into a serious battle with a large group of Circassians, then retired the height Milin stone. [48]Throughout the day on 18 May Botev defend miles stone of about 200-300 Circassians and other irregulars. They are hoping for help from Vratsa, where they expect to start an uprising, but it is not. Instead, to Milin Kamak sent parts of the regular Ottoman army and about 30 rebels were killed or wounded. Others used the night to retreat south to Vratsa Mountain. On May 19 in Vratsa have introduced significant Ottoman troops and the possibility of an uprising in the city is rugged and Botev is directed to the inside of the Balkan Mountains. [49]At midnight on May 20 the band reaches the site of the Ox, which established for the night, but soon was discovered by Circassians and Irregulars and begins a battle to which later joined and regular Ottoman army with two guns. It continues throughout the day, as the detachment suffered heavy losses and is almost without ammunition. [50]At dusk on May 20 (June 1 a new style [b. 1]) in 1876, when the fighting abated, bullet pierced Botev and he died on the spot. [51] The exact place of death and the question of the killer Botev subject of protracted disputes [52] but today the prevailing opinion is that this is at the foot of Mount House in Stara Planina. [53] [54] After the death of Botev his head is cut off by the Ottomans and is exposed on the square in Vratsa, which today bears his name . [55]
Beliefs and ideologyAs a national revolutionary Botev is a continuation of the work of Georgi Rakovski and Vasil Levski. The only radical means of resolving the national question he only sees in the revolution. [56] Botev advocated for a Balkan federation as a means which would contribute to resolving the national question in the Balkans. Internationalist in beliefs, Botev protects the right of the Bulgarian people for self-awareness and self-advocates radical revolutionary struggle at the expense of "enlightening" ideology, against the exploitation of the weaker socially by the stronger. [57] He knows personally a number of Russian revolutionaries of his time, read Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin and others. [58]Botev is an energetic defender of the Paris Commune in the spring of 1871, [59] although activists of the national movement as Petko Slaveykov condemn it. [60] According to Veliko Popov at the time he wrote the manifesto "symbol-creed of the Bulgarian Commune" but this document is only known copy of itself Popov and modern researchers as Iliya Todorov disputed authorship of Botev. [60]In a letter to Nikolay Konstantinovich Sudzilovski who was a friend of Botev, Georgi Bakalov said:
"You remember Hristo Botev, the first Bulgarian socialist. It is considered the forerunner of our party and at the same time most honored Bulgarian poet and revolutionary. "- Georgi Bakalov, 1911