Proteins carry out almost all of life's cellular functions today, but bacteria sometimes depend instead upon ancient forms of RNA, once viewed merely as the chemical intermediaries between DNA's instruction manual and the creation of proteins. Now, Yale University researchers have described how bacteria accomplish this feat in the journal Science. Yale's Ronald Breaker says there are many examples in which RNA plays a surprisingly large role in regulating cellular activity. His study illustrates that - in bacteria, at least - proteins are not always necessary to spur a host of fundamental cellular changes, a process Breaker believes was common on Earth some 4 billion years ago, well before DNA existed. "How could RNA trigger changes in ancient cells without all the proteins present in modern cells? Well, in this case, no proteins, no problem," said Breaker.
Breaker's study describes how tiny circular RNA molecules called cyclic di-GMP are able to turn genes on and off. This process determines whether the bacterium swims or stays stationary, and whether it remains solitary or joins with other bacteria to form organic masses called biofilms.
The tiny RNA molecule, comprised of only two nucleotides, activates a larger RNA structure called a riboswitch. Breaker's lab discovered riboswitches in bacteria six years ago and has since shown that they can regulate a surprising amount of biological activity. Riboswitches, located within single strands of messenger RNA that transmit a copy of DNA's genetic instructions, can independently "decide'' which genes in the cell to activate, an ability once thought to rest exclusively with proteins.
Breaker had previously created riboswitches in his own lab and - given their efficiency at regulating gene expressions - predicted such RNA structures would be found in nature. Since 2002, almost 20 classes of riboswitches have been discovered, mostly hidden in non-gene-coding regions on DNA. "We predicted that there would be an ancient 'RNA city' out there in the jungle, and we went out and found it,'' Breaker said.
Bacterial use of RNA to trigger major changes without the involvement of proteins may resolve one of the questions about the origin of life: If proteins are needed to carry out life's functions and DNA is needed to make proteins, how did DNA arise?
Breaker believes that billions of years ago, the single strands of nucleotides that comprise RNA were the first forms of life and carried out some of the complicated cellular functions now done by proteins. "The riboswitches are highly conserved in bacteria, illustrating their importance and ancient ancestry," Breaker explained.
Related:
Zeroing-In On Epigenetic Inheritance Mechanism
Self-Assembling DNA Chunks Point To Life's Beginnings
Genome Analysis Left Wanting
Biologists Create Gene "Dimmer Switch"
Horizontal Gene Transfer Vastly Underestimated, Suggests New Study
Source: Yale University
