Bisphenol A (BPA), the much maligned chemical that studies have tied to obesity and birth defects, may not be the real villain after all, with researchers from the University of California, San Diego now saying it is one BPA’s metabolites that is the real culprit.
In recent years, numerous studies have reported alarming associations between BPA exposure and myriad adverse health and development effects, from cancer and neurological disorders to physiological defects and, perhaps, a cause of childhood obesity. More than 90 percent of all Americans are believed to carry varying levels of BPA exposure.
Scientists generally agree that disruption of estrogen signalling is the root cause behind the effects. BPA’s molecular structure is similar to that of estradiol, one of the human body’s three main estrogens, suggesting that BPA binds to estrogen receptors. The estrogen receptor is designed to grab and hold estradiol and related estrogens. Disparate chemicals, however, can share some structures found in estrogens, enabling them to bind to the estrogen receptor. When that happens, problems can occur.
In binding to the estrogen receptor, BPA can disrupt the body’s hormonal system, with the most troubling consequences for fetuses, infants and young children. Earlier this year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned BPA in baby bottles and sippy cups. Its use is more broadly banned elsewhere in the world.
Now, however, two scientists at the UC San Diego School of Medicine say three-dimensional modeling suggests a metabolite of BPA (produced when BPA is broken down by the body) actually binds to the estrogen receptor much more strongly than BPA itself. The new findings, published in PLOS One, could go some way to explaining the conflicting results from BPA exposure studies in the past.
According to Michael E. Baker, UCSD professor of medicine, and Charlie Chandsawangbhuwana, a graduate student in the UCSD Department of Bioengineering, BPA itself binds weakly to the estrogen receptor, suggesting that something else is interacting with this receptor.
In 2004, Shin’ichi Yoshihara, at Hiroshima International University, discovered that another compound, dubbed MBP, was produced when BPA was metabolized. MBP has up to a 1,000-fold stronger bond to the estrogen receptor than BPA. However, the structural basis for MBP’s high affinity for the estrogen receptor was not investigated further.
In their study, Baker and Chandsawangbhuwana revived Yoshihara’s research by creating three-dimensional, molecular models of MBP and BPA in the estrogen receptor and matching it against the crystal structure of estradiol in the estrogen receptor. They found that MBP’s longer structure allows both ends of the chemical to interact with the estrogen receptor in a way similar to estradiol. The shorter BPA molecule contacts the receptor at just one end, resulting in a weaker connection, providing an explanation for BPA’s lower affinity for the estrogen receptor.
“In other words, MPB is basically grabbing onto the estrogen receptor with two hands compared to just one hand for BPA,” said Baker. “Two contact points makes a much stronger connection.”
Baker added the 3D modeling supports the idea “that BPA is not the endocrine disruptor culprit. Instead, MBP is one of perhaps several BPA metabolites that causes disruption of estrogen signaling in humans and other animals.”
He said the research points to the need to measure MBP levels in urine and blood of patients suspected of BPA-mediated health effects, and may fuel development of a new therapeutic treatment for conditions linked to excessive estrogen levels and activity, such as some forms of breast and prostate cancers.
“One could use MBP, which has a novel structure, as a template to develop a new class of chemicals that could bind to the estrogen receptor with high affinity,” Baker said. “The goal would be to have these chemicals inhibit the action of estradiol instead of activating the estrogen response. These chemicals could control unwanted growth of estrogen-dependent tumors.”
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