Alternate THEORY for Hydrino based on Relativity
links & animationsThe concept of time dilation of hydrogen atoms inside a Casimir cavity is based on radial acceleration which for the purpose of time dilation is the same as linear acceleration. Recall the moving mirror/observer paradox
(ct’)^2 = (ct)^2+(vt’)^2
(ct’)^2 - (ct)^2 = (vt’)^2
t’^2 - t^2 = (vt’)^2 / c^2
t^2 = t’^2- (v^2 t’ ^2) / c^2
t^2 = t’^2 (1- v^2 / c^2)
1/(1- v^2 / c^2) =t’^2/t^2
1/(1-v^2/c^2)^1/2 = gamma
Both frames above are the same 2 mirrors onboard a spaceship but the right is being observed from the earth bound observer who sees the light taking the longer path between mirrors which are both moving relative to his position on earth. In the left frame light travels straight between the mirrors when observed from onboard the spaceship with no relative motion between mirrors and observer. Likewise 2 mirrors left on earth would be observed as straight by the local earth bound observer while the observer on the spacecraft would see the path as longer. The strange thing is that both local observers see the “remote” clock as running slower because from their perspective it is always the remote clock that is taking the “long diagonal” path between mirrors. The solution is in the math and the realization that the time dilation constant of proportionality, gamma, equals the ratio of remotely observed time between mirrors to locally observed time between mirrors. Both observers see the same delay which only equates to the absolute magnitude of the dilation and has no significance as to which clock is actually running faster or slower. It is only after the objects return to the same time frame that comparisons can solve for which clock was running faster or slower. We now know through thought experiments and confirming experimental data that the clock on board the more accelerated object runs slower than the less accelerated object but this is not visible to our observers and this leads to confusion when discussing time clock mirror examples in that very often people mix metaphors referring to the “solved” conditions while citing “observed” conditions resulting in conflicts. As shown in the mirror paradox, the “observed” remote vector between mirrors will always appear longer relative to the local path indicating only the absolute “magnitude” of the time dilation. The ratio of the remote time to the local time (Gamma) is called the time dilation constant. It is derived above for the general form using Pythagoreans theory and substitution. Gamma is an absolute value of the ratio and does not tell you which frame is moving faster or slower but if you know which object is more accelerated it allows us to calculate the time dilation. For any given number of time units on the faster object simply multiply by the ratio to get the number of time units experienced on the slower object.
How does this relate to Hydrogen atoms inside a Casimir cavity? A relativistic interpretation of the Hydrino as suggested by Jan Naudts would imply that the suppression of longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations between Casimir plates is not what current theory holds. Current theory says that longer vacuum fluctuations which do not fit as whole number wavelengths between the plates are suppressed allowing shorter wavelength fluctuations to replace them in a process QED calls "up-conversion". The relativistic interpretation is based on "Cavity QED" which relates Casimir force to gravitational acceleration where the plates represent an abrupt equivalence boundary which shields the cavity from the ambient g field flowing around it. This "difference" in gravitational acceleration inside vs. outside is proportional to Casimir force and represents a small "equivalent" acceleration for the gas atoms diffused in the cavity relative to outside. The radial acceleration of electron orbitals of these hydrogen atoms in this shielded cavity provides the luminal velocity for potential relativistic effects. In the case of the hydrino the relativistic interpretation would mean that the Bohr wavelength never gets shorter but rather appears shorter due to time dilation inside the cavity, as the Casimir plate spacing grows narrow the Casimir force increases and the wavelength appears smaller still. Since outside the cavity is a stronger g field we have more equivalent acceleration and therefore time dilation is slower outside or faster inside depending on your perspective.
The relativistic interpretation of the Hydrino also solves a problem because as presently defined by R Mills the hydrino would have to have a fractional Bohr radius. A 1996 paper "
Cavity QED by Zofia Bialynicka-Birula addresses this with the destruction of isotropy inside a Casimir cavity and resulting effect on invariance under transformations of the Poincare group. This allowed Ron Bourgoin to use the Poincare group to publish "
Inverse Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom " in 2007 that showed the general wave equation predicts exactly the 137 inverse principal quantum states indicated by data from Black Light Power. Ron's use of the Poincare group was controversial because this math is normally restricted to photons which can coexist in the same state and physical location which electrons can not. The use of the Poincare group is allowed because time dilation allows electrons to co-exist in the same spatial positions and states from the perspective of a stationary observer. The paper failed to emphasize the relativistic nature of the solution and Black Light Power wrongly assumed that his proof of the 137 fractional quantum states was physical and ignored the relativistic aspect. The relativistic interpretation keeps electron and nucleus at an "equivalent" displacement via time dilation. Bourgoins' equations below solves for electron velocity as a simple relationship of n = v/c (nc = v) for example 1/137 *C = 2.18 E6 m/sec is minimum velocity and C is max
Although his numbers represent a relativistic perspective and the radius and velocity never change from the perspective of a "local" observer standing on the nucleus, it does explain why the hydrogen atom appears to shrink while accelerating inside a Casimir cavity. The 2.18 E6 m/sec calculated by Bourgoin is very simply the same effect one see when a skater pulls in their arms to perform a spin but at relativistic speeds the remote observer still sees the remote "clock" as slowing down. Since we are the more accelerated frame due to the shielding effect of the Casimir cavity we now know that time inside the cavity will occur at multiple seconds per second from our perspective and that the time dilation constant should be multiplied by elapsed time outside the cavity to determine how much time has past inside the catalyst. Note time dilation is difficult to determine in an actual Casimir cavity where the calculated force varies most with smallest changes in geometry between the narrowest plate spacing and then starts to fall off as you approach atomic geometry due to the summing of the fields at the plate boundaries. P(z) =F(z) / S = -(pi^2 * reduced h * c) / (240* z^4) Here reduced h is the reduced Planck constant, c is the velocity of light, and S is the area of the plates.
A little history, On August 12th 2009 Black Light Power, Inc.
Black Light Power announced that scientists at Rowan University independently formulated and tested fuels that on demand generated energy greater than that of combustion at power levels of kilowatts using BLP’s proprietary solid-fuel chemistry. Rowan University professors have reported a net energy gain of up to 6.5 times the maximum energy potential of the materials in the system from known chemical reactions. Unlike previous validations in the fall of 2008 using powder provided by Black Light Power this was accomplished using off the shelf chemicals with only a recipe provided by Black Light Power. In both cases the energy produced exceeded known chemistry but using off the shelf chemicals quiets much of the speculation regarding some overlooked energy source in the method of preparation. This is not to say I agree with BLP theory which I do not and most certainly do not accept the fractional state hydrino but rather present their results as a recent example of excess heat. Other reports include Arata in Japan, Energetics in Israel and SPAWARS in California. This whole subject of anomalous heat production regarding monatomic hydrogen and different catalysts has been a long standing mystery in the scientific community. From Irving Langmuir’s circa 1939 Nobel Prize work with Atomic Hydrogen to Ponds and Fleischman work in the 80's and a bevy of recent reports all around the world. Trying to unravel this mystery has taken many paths, Cold Fusion, bubble fusion, LENR, cavitations and Casimir cavities to name a few. Much of the controversy has revolved around claims of a fractional quantum state where the orbital radius drops below the Bohr radius. I am proposing these so called fractional quantum states or hydrino states as defined by BLP are not real but rather relativistic and can only be observed from outside an equivalence boundary like a Casimir cavity. Atoms inside the cavity remain unchanged relative to each other in the same manner that the model Twin Paradox of physics allows the twin approaching C or an event horizon to remain unchanged relative to his own frame nothing happens.
A little
Casimir effect theory , Casimir plates are inherent in a rigid catalyst and create a "depletion zone" where a whole number value of longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations cannot fit between the plates. These wavelengths are thought to "up convert" to shorter wavelengths according to QED theory but I am proposing a relativistic interpretation based on work by Jan Naudts, Ron Bourgoin and Zofia Bialynicka-Birula. From a relativistic perspective, "up conversion" can be accomplished by curving space time such that any waveforms existing in this zone turn away from the spatial axis of an observer only presenting a profile that "appears" faster and smaller. The wavelength "turns" on the time axis presenting a faster smaller profile from our perspective (I know I am solving not observing). Imagine a waveform on a scope twisting from center on the vertical axis while scrunching up so that it appears to be disappearing into the screen. This is what a relativistic solution proposes regarding "up -conversion" as the plate spacing narrows the vacuum fluctuations have a shorter spatial path so they change their temporal perspective in order to fit between the plates. They are not displaced and replaced they merely twist and appear faster because they appear to be occurring in a shorter time interval.
(Missing flash animation)
The theory that space inside a Casimir cavity has equivalent acceleration (actually "deceleration" is more appropriate compared to ambient gravity field outside the cavity) was first proposed by Di Fiore et all in a 2002 paper "
Vacuum fluctuation force on a rigid Casimir cavity in a gravitational field ". They proposed the possibility of verifying the equivalence principle for the zero-point energy of quantum electrodynamics, by evaluating the force, produced by vacuum fluctuations, acting on a rigid Casimir cavity in a weak gravitational field. Their calculations show a resulting force has opposite direction with respect to the gravitational acceleration, their calculations indicates an equivalent acceleration between the gravitational fields "falling “outside the cavity relative to inside the cavity. This force of only 10 E^-14 N is inconsequential compared to Casimir force but they were seeking to prove a small gravitational effect by summing many layers of plates and cavities to expose any net differential in forces between the plates and cavities. The lattices and cavities normally balance between depletion and concentration zones but they were seeking to establish if this relationship to geometry could be manipulated. Their results although small do support the link between gravitational force and vacuum fluctuations, later work by Beck and Mackey proposes vacuum fluctuations below 2 THz are more gravitationally active than those above 2 THz lending further support to this relationship.
A Casimir depletion zone drags behind the exterior gravitational field to produce a differential force opposite the direction of the external gravity field. The velocity attained by hydrogen atoms in this spatially confined field is concentrated on the time axis and result in the divergence of time co-ordinates in the Warkowski space-time system. Although the 10E-14 N force seems inconsequential it only reflects the opening of the temporal confinement which heat and gas law energy can now contribute to further diverge the frame on the time axis. I am interpreting the Casimir cavity as a depletion zone where the isotropy of the gravity field is broken and the restriction of longer wavelength vacuum fluctuations reduces the more gravitationally active flux below 2 THZ as proposed by Christian Beck and Michael Mackey. Their papers "
Measurability of vacuum fluctuations and dark energy " and "
Electromagnetic dark energy " propose virtual photons with frequency less than 2 THz are more gravitationally active than those above. Their claims are presently only theoretical awaiting experimental evidence to prove slower virtual photons is more gravitationally active. I infer from their work the ratio of short to long vacuum flux increases with mass so the time dilation in a depletion zone is opposite to a gravity well meaning the hydrogen inside a relativistic cavity will speed up instead of slow down further increasing the rate of frame divergence. It seems to act very much like catalytic action and could be the underlying mechanism behind all the columbic barrier and oxidation surface theory presently used to describe a catalyst.
Locally inside the cavity hydrogen remains just hydrogen and the Bohr radius is never violated. The acceleration inside the Cavity causes space-time to curve which accumulates into time dilation which looks suspiciously like what we more commonly refer to as catalytic action. With the appropriate choice of rigid catalyst (Rainey nickel or Pd) this "catalytic action" can be leveraged into producing excess heat. The acceleration and attained velocity of relativistic H1 inside the cavity opposes the confinement of Pd or Rainey Nickel when it forms relativistic H2 and is immediately broken apart restoring monatomic energy levels. No relativistic H2 remains confined by the geometry of the cavity unless disassociated like Black Light Power does with a tungsten filament.
N =1 is assumed to be 45 degree for flat space sharing dimensions equally. As Velocity increases toward C on spatial axis XYZ time is suppressed (event horizon), as velocity increases toward C on time axis the spatial axis XYZ are suppressed (Casimir cavity).
When relativistic H2 forms inside a cavity it emits a photon and becomes more spatially confined in opposition to the high velocity of the relativistic H2. relativistic H2 and normal H2 both resist mobility when the appropriate geometry rigid Casimir cavity is selected but the relativistic H2 however has already attained high velocity in opposition to this confinement. This opposition immediately tears apart the ionic or covalent bond of the compound and restores the atoms to monatomic energy levels still at significant velocity. These relativistic H1 atoms are free to repeat the procedure again and again while emitting photons to further heat the cavity and restore some of the lost "temporal" velocity while not even combusting the hydrogen, the energy is supplied by a gravitational difference creating a temporal vector that allows a trigonmetric exchange between space and time. The product is excess heat and very "old" hydrogen.
patent US 7,379,286 B2 awarded May 27, 2008 to Bernard Haisch and Garret Moddel leverages Casimir force which they refer to as Casimir -Lamb shift. Their planned prototype of Casimir columns formed by milled columns through metallic plates separated by insulation layers are arranged in a stack. They drill an array of .1 micron columns through the stack which unlike Rainey nickel has a feed through path separated by insulators that force the depletion zones in each plate of each column to translate through its full range of values which is a vast improvement over the skeletal catalyst used by Mills.
a recent discovery by Peng Chen at Cornell University Finds nanotubes only have catalytic action at ends and at defects where plate spacing changes. This indicates The Haisch - Moddel cavity columns with insulation breaks is superior to skeletal catalysts used by Mills. Although the skeletal catalyst has stronger depletion fields due to much smaller geometry the Rowan validations appear to release a burst of energy and then the Mills reactors are finished while the Haisch - Moddel model is designed to run continuously. Their .1u diameter cavities are much weaker, form columns that allow circulation control and mixing ratios of diatomic to monatomic gases and simpler heat exchange. Although the methods of confinement and the physics being exploited differ they both require the Casimir cavity to establish a differential zone where normal reactionary forces are partially suspended allowing what appears to be over unity but is actually rectifying energy from the ZPF.
By Francis X Roarty