Optica!
Ben T. Ito
April 16, 2008
This paper will prove that light does not have a wave structure by showing that the descriptions and derivations that support wave theory are invalid.
1. Introduction
Huygens (1690) states that light propagates by the formation of a wave produced by the disturbance of an Ethereal matter that does not physically exist. In addition, the energy of a wave structure of light is dependent on the frequency and amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect. Fresnel (1818) establishes the wave theory of light by describing diffraction using a wave interference mechanism but segments of Fresnel’s interfering waves are destroyed to form the dark fringes of the diffraction pattern which violates energy conservation.
Maxwell (1864) describes an electromagnetic transverse wave structure of light. The disturbance of an elastic medium forms Maxwell’s electromagnetic transverse wave structure of light yet Maxwell’s elastic medium does not physically exist. In addition, the energy of Maxwell’s wave structure of light is dependent on the frequency and amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect (1899) that implies light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency. Lenard’s photoelectric effect contradicts Maxwell’s wave theory of light.
Planck (1901) derives an energy element using Wien’s law that describes electromagnetic radiation with thermodynamics yet mass-less energy (light) cannot be represented with gas molecules that have a mass. The derivation of Planck’s energy element is physically invalid. In addition, Planck derives the blackbody energy distribution law uses the physically invalid energy element. Einstein (1905) describes an energy quanta using Wien’s law. Einstein’s energy quanta contains gas molecule constants N and R but a gas molecule’s energy is dependent on the mass (m) and velocity (V) that variables are not included in Einstein’s energy quanta. Light is composed of mass-less particles that cannot be represented with gas molecules that have a mass. Einstein’s energy quanta is physically invalid.
In Einstein’s electrodynamics, Maxwell-Hertz equations that describe light are used but light cannot be represented with electric and magnetic force vectors since only physical matter (solid, liquid or gas) can be represented with vectors. Mass-less energy (light) cannot be represented with vectors. Einstein’s electrodynamics (relativity) is physically invalid. String theory (1970) uses an oscillating string to represent a wave-particle structure of light but using the strings’ amplitudes to form the intensity of the diffraction pattern implies that the strings’ energy is dependent on the amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect. Oscillating strings cannot be used to describe the diffraction effect of light.
2. Huygens
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm Huygens describes the propagation mechanism of light in “Treatise on Light” (1690). According to Huygens, light propagates by the formation of waves produced by the disturbance of an Ethereal matter.
“Now if one examines what this matter may be in which the movement coming from the luminous body is propagated, which I call Ethereal matter, one will see that it is not the same that serves for the propagation of Sound.” (Huygens, p.12)
The disturbance of the Ethereal matter forms Huygens’ wave structure of light. The formation of a wave structure of light requires a medium yet light propagates in a vacuum that is empty. Huygens’ wave theory of light is based on an Ethereal matter that does not physically exist.
Huygens implies that the Ethereal matter is real and describes the Ethereal matter (ether) with spherical balls (fig 1).
“And it must be known that although the particles of the ether are not ranged thus in straight lines, as in our row of spheres, but confusedly, so that one of them touches several others, this does not hinder them from transmitting their movement and from spreading it always forward.” (Huygens, p. 16).
Huygens’ spherical ball representation, of the Ethereal matter (ether), is physically invalid since Huygens’ Ethereal matter does not physically exist.
Huygens uses a spherical ball representation of the Ethereal matter to describe the propagation of light.
“And it must be known that although the particles of the ether are not ranged thus in straight lines, as in our row of spheres, but confusedly, so that one of them touches several others, this does not hinder them from transmitting their movement and from spreading it always forward. As to this it is to be remarked that there is a law of motion serving for this propagation, and verifiable by experiment.” (Huygens, p. 16).
Huygens states that the energy of light is transmitted through the Ethereal matter by the collision of spherical balls that are touching which implies a horizontal wave structure of light is formed in Huygens’ propagation mechanism of light which conflicts with Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light that suggest a transverse wave structure of light.
In Huygens’ propagation mechanism, a principle wave originates from point A and forms a wave front DCF (fig 2).
“one of those comprised within the sphere DCF, will have made its particular or partial wave KCL, which will touch the wave DCF at C at the same moment that the principal wave emanating from the point A has arrived at DCF; and it is clear that it will be only the region C of the wave KCL which will touch the wave DCF, to wit, that which is in the straight line drawn through AB.” (Huygens, p. 20).
The energy of a wave structure of light is dependent on the frequency and amplitude which conflicts with the results of Lenard’s photoelectric effect that implies light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency. Huygens’ wave theory light conflicts with the results of Lenard’s photoelectric effect.
3. Fresnel
Fresnel’s diffraction mechanism is describe in “Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere” (1818).
“It follows from the principle of the superposition of small motions that the vibrations produced at any point in an elastic fluid by several disturbances are equal to the resultant of all the disturbances reaching this point at the same instant from different centres of vibration, whatever be their number.” (Fresnel, section 43, translated by Henry Crew).
The superposition of the small motions formed in an elastic fluid produce Fresnel’s interference effect yet Fresnel’s elastic fluid does not physically exist. Fresnel’s diffraction mechanism is based on an elastic fluid that does not physically exist.
Fresnel states that the interference of the diffracted secondary wavelets form the diffraction pattern but segments of Fresnel’s secondary wavelets’ structures are annihilated (destroyed) to form the dark fringes of the diffraction pattern which violate energy conservation.
The amplitudes of Fresnel’s interfering secondary wavelets are used to form the intensity of the diffraction pattern which suggests that the energy of Fresnel’s secondary wavelets is dependent on the amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect that implies light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency. Fresnel’s diffraction mechanism of light conflicts with the results of Lenard’s photoelectric effect.
4. Maxwell
In Maxwell’s paper “Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” (1864), Maxwell describes the propagation of light formed by the disturbance of an elastic medium.
“At the commencement of this paper we made use of the optical hypothesis of an elastic medium through which the vibration of light are propagated” (Maxwell, part VI).
Maxwell states that the vibration of light propagates through an elastic medium yet light propagates in a vacuum that is empty. Maxwell’s wave theory of light is based on an elastic medium that does not physically exist.
Maxwell states that the motion of the elastic medium forms an electromagnetic phenomena of light.
“it assumes that in that space there is matter in motion, by which the observed electromagnetic phenomena are produced.” (Maxwell, intro).
The motion of the elastic medium (matter) produces Maxwell’s electromagnetic phenomena yet Maxwell’s elastic medium does not physically exist. Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light is based on an elastic medium that does not physically exist.
Maxwell implies that the disturbance of the elastic medium forms a transverse wave structure of light that can describe polarization.
“the disturbance at any point is transverse to the direction of propagation, and such waves may have all the properties of polarized light.” (Maxwell, part VI).
Maxwell’s transverse wave structure of light is formed by the motion of an elastic medium that does not physically exist. There is no experimental evidence of an elastic medium which forms Maxwell’s transverse wave structure of light. Maxwell’s transverse wave structure of light is physically invalid and cannot represent polarization.
Maxwell describes the propagation of light using an equation that contains the velocity variable V.
“(108) If the equation of propagation of light is
F = A cos {[2π/λ](z – Vt)}” (Maxwell, part VI). 1
Maxwell’s propagation equation (equ 1) cannot be used to represent the propagation of light since z – Vt = 0. Maxwell’s propagation equation is invalid.
Lenard’s photoelectric effect (1899) implies that light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency which conflicts with the energy of Maxwell’s wave structure of light that is dependent on the frequency and amplitude. Lenard’s photoelectric effect contradicts Maxwell’s wave theory of light.
5. Planck
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html In Planck’s paper “On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum” (1901), an energy element, and energy distribution law are derived using electromagnetic resonators (standing waves) that are formed in a diathermic medium.
“the entropy of a resonator vibrating in an arbitrary diathermic medium depends only on the variable U/v” (Planck, part 2).
The blackbody radiation effect forms in vacuum which is empty of matter which proves that Planck’s diathermic medium and resonators do not physically exist.
Planck’s resonator is formed of Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave structure of light that is emitted from a blackbody surface atom. Planck implies that a resonator has a discontinuous structure.
“a large number N of identical resonators, situated in the same stationary radiation field, and which are sufficiently separated so as not to influence each other directly.” (Planck, part 2).
Planck is implying that light is composed of discontinuous particles but Maxwell’s continuous electromagnetic wave structure of light is not a particle structure. Planck is using a standing wave (resonator) structure of Maxwell’s structure of light to suggest a particle structure of light which is physically invalid.
Planck resonator (standing wave) is formed using Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave structure of light.
“the electromagnetic theory of radiation for the monochromatic vibrations of a resonator when situated in a permanent stationary radiation field” (Planck, part 1).
The energy of an electromagnetic wave is dependent on the frequency and amplitude. Planck derives an energy element that is dependent on only the frequency to describe the energy of light which is physically invalid since the energy of Maxwell’s structure of light is dependent on the frequency and amplitude. Planck’s assumption that a standing wave of Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave structure of light is a particle structure that energy is dependent on only the frequency is physically invalid.
Planck’s derivation of the energy element is described. Boltzmann’s thermodynamic entropy equation (Planck, Part 1) and combination theory are used to derive an entropy equation that is a function of U/ε,
S = f(U/ε) = k{(1 + U/ε) log (1 + U/ε) – (U/ε) log (U/ε)}. 2
Planck derives a second entropy equation that is the function of U/v using Wien’s law,
“S = f(U/v) 3
that is, the entropy of a resonator vibrating in an arbitrary diathermic medium depends only on the variable U/v, containing besides this only universal constants. This is the simplest form of Wien's displacement law known to me.
§10. If we apply Wien's displacement law in the latter form to equation (4) for the entropy S, we then find that the energy element ε must be proportional to the frequency v, thus:
ε= hv” (Planck, part II) 4
Planck equates the variable representations of the entropy equations (equ 2 & 3)
f(U/ε) = (U/v), 5
and states that the energy element (ε) must be proportion to the frequency,
ε α v 6
Planck’s energy element (equ 4) is derived from equation 6. Einstein uses Wien’s law, that describes monochromatic radiation with thermodynamics, to derive the energy element but light is composed of mass-less particles that cannot be represented with gas molecules that have a mass. The derivation of Planck’s energy element, using Wien’s law, is physically invalid.
The derivation of Planck’s chromatic blackbody energy distribution law is described. Inserting the energy element (equ 4) in Planck’s entropy equation (equ 2) then differentiating using 1/T = dS/dU forms,
1/T = (k/hv)log (1 + hv/U). 7
Rearranging equation 7 then using the exponential (Planck, part 2),
1
U = ------------------- 8
e^(hv/kT) - 1 .
Planck’s blackbody energy distribution law u is derived using equation 8,
1
u = kv^3 ------------------- 9
e^(hv/kT) - 1 .
Planck’s physically invalid energy element (equ 4) is used to derive the blackbody energy distribution law. The derivation of Planck’s energy distribution law is also physically invalid.
6. Einstein Energy Quanta
http://lorentz.phl.jhu.edu/AnnusMirabilis/AeReserveArticles/eins_lq.pdf In Einstein’s paper, “On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light” (1905), Einstein describes an energy quanta. Wien’s blackbody absorption equation,
p = af^3 e^(-[βf]/T), 10
is used to derive a blackbody entropy equation (Einstein, part 4),
S – S’ = [E/(βf)] ln (v/v’) 11
Boltzmann’s thermodynamic entropy equation is described (Einstein, part 5),
S – S’ = R/N ln W. 12
Einstein states that the entropies of monochromatic radiation and perfect gas are equivalent,
“This equation shows that the entropy of a monochromatic radiation of sufficiently small density varies with volume according to the same rules as the entropy of a perfect gas or of a dilute solution.” (Einstein, part 4).
Einstein’s energy quanta is derived using Wien’s law,
“Monochromatic radiation of low density behaves--as long as Wien’s radiation formula is valid--in a thermodynamic sense, as if it consisted of mutually independent energy quanta of magnitude Rβf/N.” (Einstein, pt 6).
ε = Rβf/N 13
Einstein uses Wien’s law that describes monochromatic radiation with thermodynamics. Einstein’s energy quanta Rβf/N contains gas molecule constants R and N but the energy of a gas molecule is also dependent on the mass (m) and velocity (V) which variables are not included in Einstein’s energy quanta. Light is energy that is mass-less. A gas molecule has a mass. Gas molecules that have a mass cannot be used to describe the mass-less particles that compose light. Einstein’s energy quanta is physically invalid.
7. Einstein Electrodynamics
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www In Einstein’s electrodynamics paper, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (1905), Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory is implied.
“Transformation of the Maxwell-Hertz Equations For Empty Space.
On the Nature of the Electromotive Force Occurring in a Magnetic
Field During Motion
1 dX dN dM 1 dL dY dZ
-- ---- = ----- - ----- -- ---- = ----- - ----- 14a,b
c dt dy dz c dt dz dy
1 dY dL dN 1 dM dZ dX
-- ---- = ----- - ----- -- ----- = ----- - ----- 15a,b
c dt dz dx c dt dx dz
1 dX dM dL 1 dN dX dY
-- ---- = ----- - ----- -- ----- = ----- - ----- 16a,b
c dt dx dy c dt dy dx
where (X, Y, Z) denotes the vector of the electric force, and (L, M, N) that of the magnetic force.” (Einstein*, part 6).
Einstein uses Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory that is based on an elastic medium. Einstein states that the elastic medium (ether) is superfluous,
“The introduction of a “luminiferous ether”' will prove to be superfluous inasmuch as the view here to be developed will not require an “absolutely stationary space” provided with special properties, nor assign a velocity-vector to a point of the empty space in which electromagnetic processes take place.” (Einstein*, intro).
Einstein states that the electromagnetic process forms in empty space which conflicts with Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory where the motion of the elastic medium forms the electromagnetic phenomena (Maxwell, intro). Einstein’s electrodynamics conflicts with Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light.
Einstein’s electric and magnetic force vectors are transformed into a moving coordinate system, (X’, Y’, Z’) and (L’, M’, N’), (Einstein*, part 6),
X’ = X, Y’ = β[Y + (v/c)N], Z’ = β[Z + (v/c)M], 17a,b,c
L’ = L, M’ = β[M + (v/c)Z], N’ = β[N + (v/c)Y]. 18a,b,c
1
β = --------------------------- 19
[1 - (v^2/c^2)]^(1/2).
Einstein uses Maxwell-Hertz equations that describe light but light cannot be represented with electric and magnetic force vectors since only physical matter (solid, liquid or gas) can be represented with vectors. Mass-less energy (light) cannot be represented with vectors. Einstein’s electrodynamics (relativity) is physically invalid.
8. String Theory
String theory implies a wave-particle structure of light that can be used in Fresnel’s diffraction mechanism but using the strings’ amplitudes, to form the intensity of the diffraction pattern suggests that the strings’ energy is dependent on the amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect that implies light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency. The oscillating strings’ amplitudes cannot be used to describe the diffraction effect of light which is the foundation of the wave theory of light. The string theory of light is physically invalid.
9. Conclusion
Huygens states that light propagates by the formation of a wave produced by the disturbance of an Ethereal matter yet Huygens’ Ethereal matter does not physically exist. In addition, the energy of a wave structure of light is dependent on the frequency and amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect.
Fresnel establishes the wave theory of light by describing the diffraction effect of light using a wave interference mechanism that uses the waves’ amplitudes to form the intensity of the diffraction effect of light which suggests that the energy of light is dependent on the wave amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect that implies that light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency. Lenard’s photoelectric effect conflicts with Fresnel’s diffraction mechanism which is the foundation of the wave theory of light.
Maxwell describes an electromagnetic transverse wave structure of light. The disturbance of an elastic medium forms Maxwell’s electromagnetic transverse wave structure of light yet Maxwell’s elastic medium does not physically exist. In addition, the energy of an electromagnetic wave structure of light is dependent on the frequency and amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect.
Planck derives an energy element using Wien’s law that describes electromagnetic radiation with thermodynamics yet mass-less energy (light) cannot be represented with gas molecules that have a mass. The derivation of Planck’s energy element is physically invalid. In addition, Planck derives the blackbody energy distribution law uses the physically invalid energy element.
Einstein describes an energy quanta using Wien’s law. Einstein’s energy quanta contains gas molecule constants N and R but a gas molecule’s energy is dependent on the mass (m) and velocity (V) that variables are not included in Einstein’s energy quanta. Einstein’s energy quanta is physically invalid.
In Einstein’s electrodynamics, Maxwell-Hertz equations that describe light are used but light cannot be represented with electric and magnetic force vectors since only physical matter (solid, liquid or gas) can be represented with vectors. Mass-less energy (light) cannot be represented with vectors. Einstein’s electrodynamics (relativity) is physically invalid.
String theory implies a wave-particle structure of light that can be used in Fresnel’s diffraction mechanism but using the strings’ amplitudes, to form the intensity of the diffraction pattern implies that the strings’ energy is dependent on the amplitude which conflicts with Lenard’s photoelectric effect that implies light is composed of particles that energy is dependent on only the frequency. The oscillating strings’ amplitudes cannot be used to describe the diffraction effect of light which is the foundation of the wave theory of light. Global Warming
10. References
Einstein, Albert. “On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light”. Annalen der Physik. 17: 132-148. 1905.
http://lorentz.phl.jhu.edu/AnnusMirabilis/AeReserveArticles/eins_lq.pdf Einstein*, Albert. “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”. Annalen der Physik. 17: 891-921. 1905.
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www Fresnel, Augustin. "Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere". French Academy of Science. 1818.
Huygens, Christiann. “Treatise on Light”. French Academy of Science. 1690.
Huygens, Christiann. “Treatise on Light”. ebook. Translated by Silvanus P. Thompson. 2005.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm Lenard, Philipp. Annalen der Physik. 8: 149 – 198. 1902.
Maxwell, James. “Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”. Royal Society Transactions. volume CLV. 1864.
Niven, W. D. "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell". Dover Pub. 1994.
Nye, Mary Jo. “The Question of the Atom”. Tomash Pub. 1984.
Planck, Max. “On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum”. Annalen der Physik. IV, 4: 553-563. 1901.
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html Wien, Wilhelm. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Science, Berlin. p.55. 1893.
Judi Bari .......................... Quran
