Catastropy
Ben T. Ito
June 30, 2007
1. Introduction
The wave theory of light is based on a wave structure of light formed by the disturbance of a medium (ether). To form a wave structure requires a medium yet the ether does not physically exist since light propagates in a vacuum. Huygens and Fresnel's derivations are based on an ether that does not physically exist. Planck and Einstein are implying that the aether forms the particle effects of light using kinetic gas theory to describe the aether. Light propagates in a vacuum that is empty and does not contain an aether composed of matter which proves that light does not have a wave structure.
2. Huygens
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm Huygens describes the propagation of light in "Treatise on Light" (1690). According to Huygens, light propagates by the formation of waves produced by the disturbance of an ether.
"One sees here not only that our air, which does not penetrate through glass, is the matter by which Sound spreads; but also that it is not the same air but another kind of matter in which Light spreads; since if the air is removed from the vessel the Light does not cease to traverse it as before." (Huygens, p 12).
Matter is a solid, liquid or a gas. A wave structure of light is created by the disturbance of a medium (ether) yet light propagates in a vacuum that is empty of matter.
The far points of the partial waves' are used to construct the new wave front (fig 1). The remaining partial waves' structure is then destroyed. An enormous amount of the partial waves' structure is created then arbitrarily destroyed in Huygens' propagation mechanism. Fresnel's interference mechanism does not solve Huygens' partial wave problem since all of the partial waves have the same phase and form constructive interference.
3. Fresnel
Fresnel's diffraction mechanism establishes the wave theory of light using wave interference formed by the disturbance of an ether.
"It follows from the principle of the superposition of small motions that the vibrations produced at any point in an elastic fluid by several disturbances are equal to the resultant of all the disturbances reaching this point at the same instant from different centres of vibration, whatever be their number." (Fresnel, section 43).
Fresnel's ether (elastic fluid) is a continuous substance composed of matter that exists in all of free space. The collective motion of the ether forms the interference effect yet Fresnel's ether does not physically exist.
4. Maxwell
In Maxwell's paper "Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" (1864) Maxwell describes the propagation of light formed by the disturbance of the elastic medium.
"At the commencement of this paper we made use of the optical hypothesis of an elastic medium through which the vibration of light are propagated" (Maxwell, part VI).
Maxwell's elastic medium that does not physically exist.
Maxwell describes the propagation of light using a force equation that contains the velocity variable V.
"(108) If the equation of propagation of light is
F = A cos [(2pi/L)(z - Vt) ]" (Maxwell, part VI) 1
Inserting Vt = z in equation 1, Maxwell's propagation equation becomes mathematically invalid.
5. Planck
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html In Planck's paper "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Spectrum" (1901), Planck derives an energy element. Planck derives the energy element using kinetic gas theory and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory (Planck, part 2).
"the entropy of a resonator vibrating in an arbitrary diathermic medium depends only on the variable U/v, containing besides this only universal constants." (Planck, part 2).
The derivation of Planck's energy element is based on an aether that does not physically exist.
Planck uses a monochromatic standing wave mechanism.
"The constant energy U of a single stationary vibrating resonator accordingly is to be taken as time average, or what is the same thing, as a simultaneous average of the energies of a large number N of identical resonators, situated in the same stationary radiation field, and which are sufficiently separated so as not to influence each other directly. It is in this sense that we shall refer to the average energy U of a single resonator. Then to the total energy
UN = NU" (Planck, part 2). 2
Planck's energy element, derived using a standing wave mechanism, cannot represent a chromatic spectrum of light since all of the standing waves in Planck's derivation have the same wavelength and frequency.
6. Einstein Energy Quanta
http://lorentz.phl.jhu.edu/AnnusMirabilis/AeReserveArticles/eins_lq.pdf In Einstein's photoelectric paper, "On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light" (1905), Einstein uses kinetic gas theory to derive the energy quanta that contains gas molecule constants N and R.
"Monochromatic radiation of low density behaves---as long as Wien's radiation formula is valid---in a thermodynamic sense, as if it consisted of mutually independent energy quanta of magnitude RBf/N" (Einstein, part 6).
Thermodynamic equations cannot be used to derive an equation that represents the energy of light.
7. Modern Physics
In Einstein's special relativity paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (1905), Einstein uses Maxwell's equations (*Einstein, part 6). Maxwell's theory is based on an aether that does not physically exist. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) uses an electric field that is based on an aether that does not physically exist. Sting theory is an analogy. An oscillating string analogy cannot be used to derive an equation that represents the energy of light.
References
Einstein, Albert. On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light. Annalen der Physik. 17: 132-148. 1905.
http://lorentz.phl.jhu.edu/AnnusMirabilis/AeReserveArticles/eins_lq.pdf Einstein*, Albert. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Annalen der Physik. 17: 891-921. 1905.
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/wwwFresnel, Augustin. "Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere". French Academy of Science. 1818.
Huygens, Christiann. Treatise on Light. French Academy of Science. 1690.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14725/14725-h/14725-h.htm Maxwell, James. Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Royal Society Transactions, Volume CLV. 1864.
Planck, Max. On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik. IV, 4: 553-563. 1901.
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Planck-1901/Planck-1901.html
