Even in a mad rush, we rarely knock over the box of cereal or glass of orange juice as we reach for our morning cup of coffee. Now, researchers at The University of Western Ontario believe they know how we perform this complex object avoidance. They say they have compelling evidence for the existence of ancient visual pathways in the brain that bypass the main visual areas that allow us to "see" and instead directly influence the movements of our limbs to enable obstacle avoidance. The study, led by Canada Research Chair in Visual Neuroscience Mel Goodale, has just been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "We automatically choose a path for our hand that avoids hitting any obstacles that may be in the way," says Goodale. "Every day, we perform hundreds of actions of this sort without giving a moment's thought as to how we accomplish these deceptively simple tasks."
In the new study, a patient who had become completely blind on his left side following a stroke to the main visual area of the brain was asked to avoid obstacles as he reached out to touch a target in his right - or "good" - visual field. Not surprisingly, he was able to avoid them as any normal-sighted individual would. Amazingly, however, when obstacles were placed on his blind side, he was still able to avoid them - even though he never reported having seen them.
"The patient's behavior shows he is sensitive to the location of obstacles he is completely unaware of," co-researcher Chris Striemer said. "The patient seemed to be as surprised as we were that he could respond to these 'unseen' obstacles."
Goodale says the findings provide compelling evidence for the idea that obstacle avoidance depends on ancient visual pathways in the brain that appear to bypass the main visual areas that allow us to perceive the world. Thus, even when the part of the brain that gives us our visual experience is damaged, other parts of the brain still maintain a limited ability to use visual information from the eyes to control skilled movements of the limbs.
Additional experiments in Goodale's lab have shown that these primitive visual pathways work only in real-time and do not have access to memories, even of the short-term variety. As an example, they provided an obstacle in the patient's blind field but delayed his reach by two seconds. With this short delay, he no longer showed any sensitivity to the object's location.
The findings have important implications for our understanding of what gets lost and what gets spared following damage to the brain's main visual pathways, and point the way for new approaches to rehabilitation.
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Source: University of Western Ontario
