I'd suggest that you web search first, then if you have specific queries about what you find, you can post them. That might be a more efficient way to learn what you want to know.

Here's a start:

http://www.universetoday.com/73696/what-is-temperature/

Temperature is the result of the motion of particles. Temperature increases as the energy of this motion increases. The motion may be the translational motion of the particle, or the internal energy of the particle due to molecular vibration or the excitation of the electron energy level. Thermal collisions by atoms with small particles suspended in fluid produce Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The thermal motions of atoms are very fast, so temperatures close to absolute zero temperature are required to observe them.

Then you might want to move on to:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

Mathematical explanations are given under the heading: Theoretical Foundation

"Time is what prevents everything from happening at once" - John Wheeler