1. I am not sure the intent of the question so it is hard to answer.

Certainly when viewed through the lens of the Casimir Effect one could say it is. But when viewed through the lens of a quark or electron or photon might answer differently.

My feeling is that we are looking at a hologram generated by a recursive fractal formula. Look to closely and you see the hologram. Nothing but wavy lines and pixels. Look at the projection and you get space. Add another dimension and perhaps also time.

2. No.

3. In the case of what you are asking ... possibly ... we just don't know but the universe, to me, doesn't look like the result of throwing a stack of cards into the air. So at some level it is definitely not.

4. No.

DA Morgan